Linux 硬件操作命令汇总
硬件架构
北桥（North Bridge、Host Bridge） 主要负责 CPU 和内存、显卡这些部件的数据传送南桥（South Bridge） 主要负责 I/O 设备、外部存储设备以及 BIOS 之间的通信
获取硬件信息
iostat -xm -o JSON /dev/sdb |grep disk_device
iostat -x 1 2 -o JSON /dev/sdb
$ dmidecode -t 1
# dmidecode 3.0
Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.
SMBIOS 2.8 present.
Handle 0x0100, DMI type 1, 27 bytes
System Information
Manufacturer: Alibaba Cloud
Product Name: Alibaba Cloud ECS
Version: pc-i440fx-2.1
Serial Number: 702ebfc5-005d-493f-9146-441f447a2529
UUID: 702EBFC5-005D-493F-9146-441F447A2529
Wake-up Type: Power Switch
SKU Number: Not Specified
Family: Not Specified
lshw
...
$ yum install -y lshw
$ lshw
a1.xiexianbin.cn
description: Computer
product: Alibaba Cloud ECS
vendor: Alibaba Cloud
version: pc-i440fx-2.1
serial: 702ebfc5-005d-493f-9146-441f447a2529
width: 64 bits
capabilities: smbios-2.8 dmi-2.8 vsyscall32
configuration: boot=normal uuid=C5BF2E70-5D00-3F49-9146-441F447A2529
*-core
description: Motherboard
physical id: 0
*-firmware
description: BIOS
vendor: SeaBIOS
physical id: 0
version: 3288b3c
date: 04/01/2014
size: 96KiB
*-cpu
description: CPU
product: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2682 v4 @ 2.50GHz
vendor: Intel Corp.
vendor_id: GenuineIntel
physical id: 400
bus info: cpu@0
version: 6.79.1
slot: CPU 0
width: 64 bits
capabilities: fpu fpu_exception wp vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp x86-64 constant_tsc rep_good nopl eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch ibrs ibpb stibp fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm rdseed adx smap xsaveopt spec_ctrl intel_stibp
configuration: cores=1 enabledcores=1 microcode=0 threads=2
*-memory
description: System Memory
physical id: 1000
size: 2GiB
capacity: 2GiB
capabilities: ecc
configuration: errordetection=multi-bit-ecc
*-bank
description: DIMM RAM
vendor: Alibaba Cloud
physical id: 0
slot: DIMM 0
size: 2GiB
*-pci
description: Host bridge
product: 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma]
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 100
bus info: pci@0000:00:00.0
version: 02
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
*-isa
description: ISA bridge
product: 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1
bus info: pci@0000:00:01.0
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: isa
configuration: latency=0
*-ide
description: IDE interface
product: 82371SB PIIX3 IDE [Natoma/Triton II]
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1.1
bus info: pci@0000:00:01.1
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: ide isa_compat_mode bus_master
configuration: driver=ata_piix latency=0
resources: irq:0 ioport:1f0(size=8) ioport:3f6 ioport:170(size=8) ioport:376 ioport:c0c0(size=16)
*-usb
description: USB controller
product: 82371SB PIIX3 USB [Natoma/Triton II]
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1.2
bus info: pci@0000:00:01.2
version: 01
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: uhci bus_master
configuration: driver=uhci_hcd latency=0
resources: irq:11 ioport:c040(size=32)
*-usbhost
product: UHCI Host Controller
vendor: Linux 3.10.0-862.14.4.el7.x86_64 uhci_hcd
physical id: 1
bus info: usb@1
logical name: usb1
version: 3.10
capabilities: usb-1.10
configuration: driver=hub slots=2 speed=12Mbit/s
*-usb
description: Mouse
product: QEMU USB Tablet
vendor: QEMU
physical id: 1
bus info: usb@1:1
version: 0.00
serial: 42
capabilities: usb-2.00
configuration: driver=usbhid maxpower=100mA speed=12Mbit/s
*-bridge
description: Bridge
product: 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1.3
bus info: pci@0000:00:01.3
version: 03
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: bridge
configuration: driver=piix4_smbus latency=0
resources: irq:9
*-display
description: VGA compatible controller
product: GD 5446
vendor: Cirrus Logic
physical id: 2
bus info: pci@0000:00:02.0
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: vga_controller rom
configuration: driver=cirrus latency=0
resources: irq:0 memory:fc000000-fdffffff memory:febd0000-febd0fff memory:febc0000-febcffff
*-network
description: Ethernet controller
product: Virtio network device
vendor: Red Hat, Inc.
physical id: 3
bus info: pci@0000:00:03.0
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: msix bus_master cap_list rom
configuration: driver=virtio-pci latency=0
resources: irq:10 ioport:c060(size=32) memory:febd1000-febd1fff memory:feb80000-febbffff
*-virtio0
description: Ethernet interface
physical id: 0
bus info: virtio@0
logical name: eth0
serial: 00:16:3e:08:ec:f1
capabilities: ethernet physical
configuration: broadcast=yes driver=virtio_net driverversion=1.0.0 ip=172.31.8.211 link=yes multicast=yes
*-communication
description: Communication controller
product: Virtio console
vendor: Red Hat, Inc.
physical id: 4
bus info: pci@0000:00:04.0
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: msix bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=virtio-pci latency=0
resources: irq:11 ioport:c080(size=32) memory:febd2000-febd2fff
*-virtio1 UNCLAIMED
description: Virtual I/O device
physical id: 0
bus info: virtio@1
configuration: driver=virtio_console
*-scsi
description: SCSI storage controller
product: Virtio block device
vendor: Red Hat, Inc.
physical id: 5
bus info: pci@0000:00:05.0
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: scsi msix bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=virtio-pci latency=0
resources: irq:10 ioport:c000(size=64) memory:febd3000-febd3fff
*-virtio2
description: Virtual I/O device
physical id: 0
bus info: virtio@2
logical name: /dev/vda
size: 40GiB (42GB)
capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos
configuration: driver=virtio_blk logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=512 signature=0008d73a
*-volume
description: EXT4 volume
vendor: Linux
physical id: 1
bus info: virtio@2,1
logical name: /dev/vda1
logical name: /
logical name: /var/lib/docker/containers
logical name: /var/lib/docker/overlay2
version: 1.0
serial: eb448abb-3012-4d8d-bcde-94434d586a31
size: 39GiB
capacity: 39GiB
capabilities: primary bootable journaled extended_attributes large_files huge_files dir_nlink recover extents ext4 ext2 initialized
configuration: created=2017-10-15 23:18:59 filesystem=ext4 lastmountpoint=/ modified=2019-06-26 23:34:59 mount.fstype=ext4 mount.options=rw,relatime,data=ordered mounted=2019-06-26 15:35:03 state=mounted
*-generic
description: Unclassified device
product: Virtio memory balloon
vendor: Red Hat, Inc.
physical id: 6
bus info: pci@0000:00:06.0
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: bus_master
configuration: driver=virtio-pci latency=0
resources: irq:11 ioport:c0a0(size=32)
*-virtio3 UNCLAIMED
description: Virtual I/O device
physical id: 0
bus info: virtio@3
configuration: driver=virtio_balloon
*-pnp00:00
product: PnP device PNP0b00
physical id: 1
capabilities: pnp
configuration: driver=rtc_cmos
*-pnp00:01
product: PnP device PNP0303
physical id: 2
capabilities: pnp
configuration: driver=i8042 kbd
*-pnp00:02
product: PnP device PNP0f13
physical id: 3
capabilities: pnp
configuration: driver=i8042 aux
*-pnp00:03
product: PnP device PNP0700
physical id: 4
capabilities: pnp
*-pnp00:04
product: PnP device PNP0501
physical id: 5
capabilities: pnp
configuration: driver=serial
*-network:0
description: Ethernet interface
physical id: 1
logical name: vethfe4b025
serial: f2:27:43:49:86:e7
size: 10Gbit/s
capabilities: ethernet physical
configuration: autonegotiation=off broadcast=yes driver=veth driverversion=1.0 duplex=full link=yes multicast=yes port=twisted pair speed=10Gbit/s
*-network:1
description: Ethernet interface
physical id: 2
logical name: docker0
serial: 02:42:20:2b:43:9d
capabilities: ethernet physical
configuration: broadcast=yes driver=bridge driverversion=2.3 firmware=N/A ip=172.17.0.1 link=yes multicast=yes
PCIe
PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express, PCIe or PCI-e) 一种高速串行计算机扩展总线标准，旨在取代旧的 PCI、PCI-X 和 AGP 总线标准PCIe 不同版本链路性能对照表（参考 ）
GT/s, Giga transation per second（千兆传输/秒） 每一秒内传输的次数
描述物理层通信协议的速率属性，可以不和链路宽度等关联
Gbps, Giga Bits Per Second （千兆位/秒）
GT/s 与 Gbps 之间不存在成比例的换算关系吞吐量 = 传输速率 * 编码方案
$ lspci | grep "PCI bridge"
...
07:00.0 PCI bridge: PLX Technology, Inc. PEX 8732 32-lane, 8-Port PCI Express Gen 3 (8.0 GT/s) Switch (rev ca)
08:01.0 PCI bridge: PLX Technology, Inc. PEX 8732 32-lane, 8-Port PCI Express Gen 3 (8.0 GT/s) Switch (rev ca)
...
$ lspci -tv
$ lspci | grep --color 82599
06:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82599EB 10-Gigabit SFI/SFP+ Network Connection (rev 01)
06:00.1 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82599EB 10-Gigabit SFI/SFP+ Network Connection (rev 01)
AOC
AOC 线缆是有源光缆（Active Optical Cable） 的简称，它是一种用于高速、长距离数据传输的线缆。
AOC 线缆是 有源光缆（Active Optical Cable） 的简称。
它是一种用于高速、长距离数据传输 的线缆。
💡 核心特点
传统的铜缆在传输高速信号（如 10Gbps、25Gbps、40Gbps 等）时，随着距离增加，信号会因为衰减和失真而迅速劣化，导致可靠传输距离非常有限（通常只有几米到十几米）。
AOC 线缆通过利用光纤传输的优势，解决了这一瓶颈：
更长的传输距离： 可以轻松达到数十米到数百米，甚至更远（取决于具体规格）。更高的传输速率： 能够支持极高的数据速率，如 InfiniBand、10/40/100Gbps 以太网等。更好的信号完整性： 误码率（BER）极低。更轻、更细、更易安装： 光纤比铜缆轻得多，更便于在数据中心等复杂环境中部署。
AOC 线缆广泛应用于需要高带宽、长距离连接 的场合：
数据中心（Data Center）： 服务器、存储设备和网络交换机之间的互联。高性能计算（HPC）： 超级计算机集群内部的节点互联。存储网络： SAS、光纤通道（Fibre Channel）等。消费电子： 如 USB 3.0/3.1/3.2、HDMI 等，用于突破传统铜缆的长度限制。
F&Q
Uncorrectable ECC / other uncorrectable memory error @P1-DIMMA1(CPU1) - Assertion
该错误直接指向您的服务器或计算机的内存（RAM）故障
| :— | :— |
| Uncorrectable ECC / other uncorrectable memory error | 这是核心问题。ECC （Error-Correcting Code，错误校正码）内存具有自动检测和修正单比特错误的能力。而 Uncorrectable（不可纠正） 错误意味着发生了多比特错误，ECC 机制无法修复。这种错误通常会导致系统立即崩溃、停止运行或内核恐慌（Kernel Panic）。 |
| @P1-DIMMA1(CPU1) | 精确指明了故障内存条的位置 。它指的是：CPU 1 (第一个处理器) 上的 DIMM 插槽 A1 。 |
| Assertion | 在编程或系统固件中，断言失败 （Assertion）表示系统检测到了一个不应该发生的致命状态（这里就是不可纠正的内存错误），并立即中止操作以防止数据进一步损坏。 |
