OpenStack 启动第一个云主机

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本文介绍基于 devstack 搭建的 OpenStack 环境创建云主机

项目、用户创建

$ openstack domain create --description "Default Domain" default
$ openstack project create --domain default --description "Admin Project" admin
$ openstack user create --domain default --password-prompt admin
$ openstack role create admin
$ openstack role add --project admin --user admin admin

创建cirros镜像

下载地址：http://download.cirros-cloud.net/ 默认用户名/密码：cirros/gocubsgo

openstack image create cirros-0.5.1-x86_64-disk --public --container-format bare --disk-format qcow2 admin < cirros-0.5.x-aarch64-disk.img

网络创建

创建network

openstack-network-create ↕
$ openstack network create vxlan-1 --provider-network-type vxlan --provider-segment 100 --internal --project admin --enable --no-share
+---------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Field                     | Value                                |
+---------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| admin_state_up            | UP                                   |
| availability_zone_hints   |                                      |
| availability_zones        |                                      |
| created_at                | 2020-01-03T09:28:28Z                 |
| description               |                                      |
| dns_domain                | None                                 |
| id                        | e022f4ea-e955-4bcd-b2fa-af6616d3eb12 |
| ipv4_address_scope        | None                                 |
| ipv6_address_scope        | None                                 |
| is_default                | False                                |
| is_vlan_transparent       | None                                 |
| mtu                       | 1450                                 |
| name                      | vxlan-1                              |
| port_security_enabled     | True                                 |
| project_id                | 45837e6267c44d7788a919d6e342e64c     |
| provider:network_type     | vxlan                                |
| provider:physical_network | None                                 |
| provider:segmentation_id  | 100                                  |
| qos_policy_id             | None                                 |
| revision_number           | 1                                    |
| router:external           | Internal                             |
| segments                  | None                                 |
| shared                    | False                                |
| status                    | ACTIVE                               |
| subnets                   |                                      |
| tags                      |                                      |
| updated_at                | 2020-01-03T09:28:28Z                 |
+---------------------------+--------------------------------------+
$ openstack network list
+--------------------------------------+---------+---------+
| ID                                   | Name    | Subnets |
+--------------------------------------+---------+---------+
| e022f4ea-e955-4bcd-b2fa-af6616d3eb12 | vxlan-1 |         |
+--------------------------------------+---------+————+

创建subnet

openstack-subnet-create ↕
$ openstack subnet create vxlan-subnet-1 --project admin --subnet-range 10.0.0.0/24 --dhcp --gateway 10.0.0.1 --ip-version 4 --network vxlan-1
+----------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Field                | Value                                |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------+
| allocation_pools     | 10.0.0.2-10.0.0.254                  |
| cidr                 | 10.0.0.0/24                          |
| created_at           | 2020-01-03T09:31:37Z                 |
| description          |                                      |
| dns_nameservers      |                                      |
| dns_publish_fixed_ip | None                                 |
| enable_dhcp          | True                                 |
| gateway_ip           | 10.0.0.1                             |
| host_routes          |                                      |
| id                   | 919e1444-ae5f-45da-981e-1140fbcaa246 |
| ip_version           | 4                                    |
| ipv6_address_mode    | None                                 |
| ipv6_ra_mode         | None                                 |
| name                 | vxlan-subnet-1                       |
| network_id           | e022f4ea-e955-4bcd-b2fa-af6616d3eb12 |
| prefix_length        | None                                 |
| project_id           | 45837e6267c44d7788a919d6e342e64c     |
| revision_number      | 0                                    |
| segment_id           | None                                 |
| service_types        |                                      |
| subnetpool_id        | None                                 |
| tags                 |                                      |
| updated_at           | 2020-01-03T09:31:37Z                 |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------+
$ openstack subnet list
+--------------------------------------+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| ID                                   | Name           | Network                              | Subnet      |
+--------------------------------------+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| 919e1444-ae5f-45da-981e-1140fbcaa246 | vxlan-subnet-1 | e022f4ea-e955-4bcd-b2fa-af6616d3eb12 | 10.0.0.0/24 |
+--------------------------------------+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
$ openstack port list --network e022f4ea-e955-4bcd-b2fa-af6616d3eb12
+--------------------------------------+------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| ID                                   | Name | MAC Address       | Fixed IP Addresses                                                      | Status |
+--------------------------------------+------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 9f56395b-d1ef-44d4-8ec0-7ba3970177fc |      | fa:16:3e:4e:32:1c | ip_address='10.0.0.2', subnet_id='919e1444-ae5f-45da-981e-1140fbcaa246' | ACTIVE |
+--------------------------------------+------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+

创建子网时：

  • 若指定 --dhcp 会在 网络节点 自动创建 Linux net namespaces，netns 的名称为 qdhcp-<network-id>。其中 10.0.0.2 为 dhcp 的 IP 地址。
  • 若没有指定 --dhcp，当前不会创建 netns

查看 netns 中信息如下：

ovs-netns-1 ↕
$ sudo ip netns
qdhcp-e022f4ea-e955-4bcd-b2fa-af6616d3eb12 (id: 0)
$ sudo ip netns exec qdhcp-e022f4ea-e955-4bcd-b2fa-af6616d3eb12 ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
10: tap9f56395b-d1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1450 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether fa:16:3e:4e:32:1c brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.0.0.2/24 brd 10.0.0.255 scope global tap9f56395b-d1
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::f816:3eff:fe4e:321c/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
$ sudo ip netns exec qdhcp-e022f4ea-e955-4bcd-b2fa-af6616d3eb12 ip r
default via 10.0.0.1 dev tap9f56395b-d1 proto static
10.0.0.0/24 dev tap9f56395b-d1 proto kernel scope link src 10.0.0.2

可以在 netns 看到一个tap设备：tap9f56395b-d1，IP地址为：10.0.0.2/24

  • tap设备命名规则：tap<port-id-prefix-11>
  • tap9f56395b-d1 会自动挂载到 OVS 的 br-int 上
ovs-vsctl-1 ↕
$ sudo ovs-vsctl show
0976470f-8041-45d1-ad1a-34cd061684d3
    Manager "ptcp:6640:127.0.0.1"
        is_connected: true
    Bridge br-ex
        Controller "tcp:127.0.0.1:6633"
            is_connected: true
        fail_mode: secure
        datapath_type: system
        Port br-ex
            Interface br-ex
                type: internal
        Port phy-br-ex
            Interface phy-br-ex
                type: patch
                options: {peer=int-br-ex}
    Bridge br-tun
        Controller "tcp:127.0.0.1:6633"
            is_connected: true
        fail_mode: secure
        datapath_type: system
        Port br-tun
            Interface br-tun
                type: internal
        Port patch-int
            Interface patch-int
                type: patch
                options: {peer=patch-tun}
    Bridge br-int
        Controller "tcp:127.0.0.1:6633"
            is_connected: true
        fail_mode: secure
        datapath_type: system
        Port br-int
            Interface br-int
                type: internal
        Port tap9f56395b-d1
            tag: 1
            Interface tap9f56395b-d1
                type: internal
        Port int-br-ex
            Interface int-br-ex
                type: patch
                options: {peer=phy-br-ex}
        Port patch-tun
            Interface patch-tun
                type: patch
                options: {peer=patch-int}
    ovs_version: "2.13.1"

创建安全组

openstack-security-group-create ↕
$ openstack security group create default --project admin
$ openstack security group show 6e28e3c1-6959-4dfb-99b1-b7277e6353a0
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Field           | Value                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| created_at      | 2021-01-03T06:23:51Z                                                                                                                                                                                           |
| description     | Default security group                                                                                                                                                                                         |
| id              | 6e28e3c1-6959-4dfb-99b1-b7277e6353a0                                                                                                                                                                           |
| name            | default                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| project_id      | 45837e6267c44d7788a919d6e342e64c                                                                                                                                                                               |
| revision_number | 3                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| rules           | created_at='2021-01-03T06:23:51Z', direction='egress', ethertype='IPv4', id='25d6afb9-3b31-408f-b71c-f14c20287ca5', updated_at='2021-01-03T06:23:51Z'                                                          |
|                 | created_at='2021-01-03T06:23:51Z', direction='ingress', ethertype='IPv6', id='674d9013-7ad3-4145-bec2-b351b896d479', remote_group_id='6e28e3c1-6959-4dfb-99b1-b7277e6353a0', updated_at='2021-01-03T06:23:51Z' |
|                 | created_at='2021-01-03T06:23:51Z', direction='egress', ethertype='IPv6', id='c1333e8e-eb4c-44fd-818f-26753db655a9', updated_at='2021-01-03T06:23:51Z'                                                          |
|                 | created_at='2021-01-03T06:23:51Z', direction='ingress', ethertype='IPv4', id='de36561f-8f73-40b6-b78f-ea06cc4307ae', remote_group_id='6e28e3c1-6959-4dfb-99b1-b7277e6353a0', updated_at='2021-01-03T06:23:51Z' |
| stateful        | True                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
| tags            | []                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
| updated_at      | 2021-01-03T02:32:49Z                                                                                                                                                                                           |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

可以根据自己的需求，添加其他的规则。

创建vm

创建

openstack-server-create ↕
$ openstack server create vm-1 --image cirros-0.5.1-x86_64-disk --flavor m1.tiny --security-group 6e28e3c1-6959-4dfb-99b1-b7277e6353a0 --network vxlan-1
+-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Field                               | Value                                                           |
+-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| OS-DCF:diskConfig                   | MANUAL                                                          |
| OS-EXT-AZ:availability_zone         |                                                                 |
| OS-EXT-SRV-ATTR:host                | None                                                            |
| OS-EXT-SRV-ATTR:hypervisor_hostname | None                                                            |
| OS-EXT-SRV-ATTR:instance_name       |                                                                 |
| OS-EXT-STS:power_state              | NOSTATE                                                         |
| OS-EXT-STS:task_state               | scheduling                                                      |
| OS-EXT-STS:vm_state                 | building                                                        |
| OS-SRV-USG:launched_at              | None                                                            |
| OS-SRV-USG:terminated_at            | None                                                            |
| accessIPv4                          |                                                                 |
| accessIPv6                          |                                                                 |
| addresses                           |                                                                 |
| adminPass                           | B7KGjrUZP82D                                                    |
| config_drive                        |                                                                 |
| created                             | 2020-01-03T09:54:57Z                                            |
| flavor                              | m1.tiny (1)                                                     |
| hostId                              |                                                                 |
| id                                  | bd023f89-a94b-44a0-b119-712cca9da61f                            |
| image                               | cirros-0.5.1-x86_64-disk (000fcfa3-7ffa-4125-817e-cf7a27cf3eb1) |
| key_name                            | None                                                            |
| name                                | vm-1                                                            |
| progress                            | 0                                                               |
| project_id                          | 45837e6267c44d7788a919d6e342e64c                                |
| properties                          |                                                                 |
| security_groups                     | name='6e28e3c1-6959-4dfb-99b1-b7277e6353a0'                     |
| status                              | BUILD                                                           |
| updated                             | 2020-01-03T09:54:56Z                                            |
| user_id                             | c6b926ebfb5c4a6db670150b183581af                                |
| volumes_attached                    |                                                                 |
+-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
$ openstack server list
+--------------------------------------+------+--------+--------------------+--------------------------+---------+
| ID                                   | Name | Status | Networks           | Image                    | Flavor  |
+--------------------------------------+------+--------+--------------------+--------------------------+---------+
| bd023f89-a94b-44a0-b119-712cca9da61f | vm-1 | ACTIVE | vxlan-1=10.0.0.242 | cirros-0.5.1-x86_64-disk | m1.tiny |
+--------------------------------------+------+--------+--------------------+--------------------------+---------+
$ openstack port list
+--------------------------------------+------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| ID                                   | Name | MAC Address       | Fixed IP Addresses                                                        | Status |
+--------------------------------------+------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 0a82ef18-9834-4baf-9f96-c2a586e56f48 |      | fa:16:3e:34:27:00 | ip_address='10.0.0.242', subnet_id='919e1444-ae5f-45da-981e-1140fbcaa246' | ACTIVE |
| 9f56395b-d1ef-44d4-8ec0-7ba3970177fc |      | fa:16:3e:4e:32:1c | ip_address='10.0.0.2', subnet_id='919e1444-ae5f-45da-981e-1140fbcaa246'   | ACTIVE |
+--------------------------------------+------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
$ openstack port show 0a82ef18-9834-4baf-9f96-c2a586e56f48
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Field                   | Value                                                                                                        |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| admin_state_up          | UP                                                                                                           |
| allowed_address_pairs   |                                                                                                              |
| binding_host_id         | xiexianbin-vm                                                                                                |
| binding_profile         |                                                                                                              |
| binding_vif_details     | bridge_name='br-int', connectivity='l2', datapath_type='system', ovs_hybrid_plug='False', port_filter='True' |
| binding_vif_type        | ovs                                                                                                          |
| binding_vnic_type       | normal                                                                                                       |
| created_at              | 2020-01-03T09:54:59Z                                                                                         |
| data_plane_status       | None                                                                                                         |
| description             |                                                                                                              |
| device_id               | bd023f89-a94b-44a0-b119-712cca9da61f                                                                         |
| device_owner            | compute:nova                                                                                                 |
| dns_assignment          | None                                                                                                         |
| dns_domain              | None                                                                                                         |
| dns_name                | None                                                                                                         |
| extra_dhcp_opts         |                                                                                                              |
| fixed_ips               | ip_address='10.0.0.242', subnet_id='919e1444-ae5f-45da-981e-1140fbcaa246'                                    |
| id                      | 0a82ef18-9834-4baf-9f96-c2a586e56f48                                                                         |
| ip_allocation           | None                                                                                                         |
| mac_address             | fa:16:3e:34:27:00                                                                                            |
| name                    |                                                                                                              |
| network_id              | e022f4ea-e955-4bcd-b2fa-af6616d3eb12                                                                         |
| numa_affinity_policy    | None                                                                                                         |
| port_security_enabled   | True                                                                                                         |
| project_id              | 45837e6267c44d7788a919d6e342e64c                                                                             |
| propagate_uplink_status | None                                                                                                         |
| qos_network_policy_id   | None                                                                                                         |
| qos_policy_id           | None                                                                                                         |
| resource_request        | None                                                                                                         |
| revision_number         | 5                                                                                                            |
| security_group_ids      | 6e28e3c1-6959-4dfb-99b1-b7277e6353a0                                                                         |
| status                  | DOWN                                                                                                         |
| tags                    |                                                                                                              |
| trunk_details           | None                                                                                                         |
| updated_at              | 2020-01-03T10:04:02Z                                                                                         |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

新创建主机的IP地址为：10.0.0.242

qemu 进程

qemu-proc ↕
$ ps -ef| grep qemu
libvirt+   4221      1  1 09:35 ?        00:00:23 /usr/bin/qemu-system-x86_64 -name guest=instance-00000001,debug-threads=on -S -object secret,id=masterKey0,format=raw,file=/var/lib/libvirt/qemu/domain-1-instance-00000001/master-key.aes -machine pc-i440fx-4.2,accel=tcg,usb=off,dump-guest-core=off -cpu qemu64 -m 512 -overcommit mem-lock=off -smp 1,sockets=1,cores=1,threads=1 -uuid bd023f89-a94b-44a0-b119-712cca9da61f -smbios type=1,manufacturer=OpenStack Foundation,product=OpenStack Nova,version=22.2.1,serial=bd023f89-a94b-44a0-b119-712cca9da61f,uuid=bd023f89-a94b-44a0-b119-712cca9da61f,family=Virtual Machine -no-user-config -nodefaults -chardev socket,id=charmonitor,fd=31,server,nowait -mon chardev=charmonitor,id=monitor,mode=control -rtc base=utc -no-shutdown -boot strict=on -device piix3-usb-uhci,id=usb,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1.0x2 -blockdev {"driver":"file","filename":"/opt/stack/data/nova/instances/_base/50baf97670ca5516043b3c4de1dec8d12fb1449c","node-name":"libvirt-2-storage","cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"auto-read-only":true,"discard":"unmap"} -blockdev {"node-name":"libvirt-2-format","read-only":true,"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":"libvirt-2-storage"} -blockdev {"driver":"file","filename":"/opt/stack/data/nova/instances/bd023f89-a94b-44a0-b119-712cca9da61f/disk","node-name":"libvirt-1-storage","cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"auto-read-only":true,"discard":"unmap"} -blockdev {"node-name":"libvirt-1-format","read-only":false,"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"qcow2","file":"libvirt-1-storage","backing":"libvirt-2-format"} -device virtio-blk-pci,scsi=off,bus=pci.0,addr=0x4,drive=libvirt-1-format,id=virtio-disk0,bootindex=1,write-cache=on -netdev tap,fd=33,id=hostnet0 -device virtio-net-pci,host_mtu=1450,netdev=hostnet0,id=net0,mac=fa:16:3e:34:27:00,bus=pci.0,addr=0x3 -add-fd set=2,fd=35 -chardev pty,id=charserial0,logfile=/dev/fdset/2,logappend=on -device isa-serial,chardev=charserial0,id=serial0 -vnc 0.0.0.0:0 -device cirrus-vga,id=video0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x2 -device virtio-balloon-pci,id=balloon0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x5 -object rng-random,id=objrng0,filename=/dev/urandom -device virtio-rng-pci,rng=objrng0,id=rng0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x6 -sandbox on,obsolete=deny,elevateprivileges=deny,spawn=deny,resourcecontrol=deny -msg timestamp=on

其中，网络配置 tap,fd=33，信息如下：

-netdev tap,fd=33,id=hostnet0 -device virtio-net-pci,host_mtu=1450,netdev=hostnet0,id=net0,mac=fa:16:3e:34:27:00,bus=pci.0,addr=0x3

查看 qemu 的 /proc/4221/fd/33 指向 /dev/net/tun 设备

$ sudo ls -lh /proc/4221/fd/ |grep tun
lrwx------ 1 libvirt-qemu kvm 64 Mar 24 10:13 33 -> /dev/net/tun
$ sudo file /proc/4221/fd/33
/proc/4221/fd/33: symbolic link to /dev/net/tun
$ sudo cat /proc/4221/fdinfo/33
pos:	54
flags:	0104002
mnt_id:	27
iff:	tap0a82ef18-98  # 与OVS br-int的名称一致

其他查看 tap/tun 设备命令：

$ sudo ip tuntap list | grep tap0a82ef18-98
tap0a82ef18-98: tap vnet_hdr

OVS 信息

  • ovs br 信息
ovs-vsctl-2 ↕
$ sudo ovs-vsctl show
0976470f-8041-45d1-ad1a-34cd061684d3
    Manager "ptcp:6640:127.0.0.1"
        is_connected: true
    Bridge br-ex
        Controller "tcp:127.0.0.1:6633"
            is_connected: true
        fail_mode: secure
        datapath_type: system
        Port br-ex
            Interface br-ex
                type: internal
        Port phy-br-ex
            Interface phy-br-ex
                type: patch
                options: {peer=int-br-ex}
    Bridge br-tun
        Controller "tcp:127.0.0.1:6633"
            is_connected: true
        fail_mode: secure
        datapath_type: system
        Port br-tun
            Interface br-tun
                type: internal
        Port patch-int
            Interface patch-int
                type: patch
                options: {peer=patch-tun}
    Bridge br-int
        Controller "tcp:127.0.0.1:6633"
            is_connected: true
        fail_mode: secure
        datapath_type: system
        Port br-int
            Interface br-int
                type: internal
        Port tap9f56395b-d1
            tag: 1
            Interface tap9f56395b-d1
                type: internal
        Port tap0a82ef18-98
            tag: 1
            Interface tap0a82ef18-98
        Port int-br-ex
            Interface int-br-ex
                type: patch
                options: {peer=phy-br-ex}
        Port patch-tun
            Interface patch-tun
                type: patch
                options: {peer=patch-int}
    ovs_version: "2.13.1"

其中 tap0a82ef18-98 为新增的 tap设备，0a82ef18-98 为 port 10.0.0.242 ID 0a82ef18-9834-4baf-9f96-c2a586e56f48 的前11位

因此，VM 在 OVS br-int 网桥 tap 命令规则为：tap<port-id-prefix-11>

  • ovs br-int 流表信息
ovs-ofctl-1 ↕
$ sudo ovs-ofctl show br-int
OFPT_FEATURES_REPLY (xid=0x2): dpid:0000a62b2fabc24d
n_tables:254, n_buffers:0
capabilities: FLOW_STATS TABLE_STATS PORT_STATS QUEUE_STATS ARP_MATCH_IP
actions: output enqueue set_vlan_vid set_vlan_pcp strip_vlan mod_dl_src mod_dl_dst mod_nw_src mod_nw_dst mod_nw_tos mod_tp_src mod_tp_dst
 1(int-br-ex): addr:be:8b:a6:4f:16:9e
     config:     0
     state:      0
     speed: 0 Mbps now, 0 Mbps max
 2(patch-tun): addr:d2:54:6c:cf:6a:93
     config:     0
     state:      0
     speed: 0 Mbps now, 0 Mbps max
 3(tap9f56395b-d1): addr:fa:16:3e:4e:32:1c
     config:     0
     state:      0
     speed: 0 Mbps now, 0 Mbps max
 5(tap0a82ef18-98): addr:fe:16:3e:34:27:00
     config:     0
     state:      0
     current:    10MB-FD COPPER
     speed: 10 Mbps now, 0 Mbps max
 LOCAL(br-int): addr:a6:2b:2f:ab:c2:4d
     config:     PORT_DOWN
     state:      LINK_DOWN
     speed: 0 Mbps now, 0 Mbps max
OFPT_GET_CONFIG_REPLY (xid=0x4): frags=normal miss_send_len=0

ping 验证

  • 创建安全组
$ openstack security group rule create 6e28e3c1-6959-4dfb-99b1-b7277e6353a0  --ingress --remote-ip 0.0.0.0/0 --protocol icmp --project 45837e6267c44d7788a919d6e342e64c
+-------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Field             | Value                                |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------+
| created_at        | 2021-01-03T02:39:06Z                 |
| description       |                                      |
| direction         | ingress                              |
| ether_type        | IPv4                                 |
| id                | 4f067654-818a-4d90-b0d6-d0ffc346e0a4 |
| name              | None                                 |
| port_range_max    | None                                 |
| port_range_min    | None                                 |
| project_id        | 45837e6267c44d7788a919d6e342e64c     |
| protocol          | icmp                                 |
| remote_group_id   | None                                 |
| remote_ip_prefix  | 0.0.0.0/0                            |
| revision_number   | 0                                    |
| security_group_id | 6e28e3c1-6959-4dfb-99b1-b7277e6353a0 |
| tags              | []                                   |
| updated_at        | 2021-01-03T02:39:06Z                 |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------+
  • 在 netns 中 ping
$ sudo ip netns exec qdhcp-e022f4ea-e955-4bcd-b2fa-af6616d3eb12 ping -c 1 10.0.0.242
PING 10.0.0.242 (10.0.0.242) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.242: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.17 ms

--- 10.0.0.242 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.178/1.178/1.178/0.000 ms

至此，基于OpenStack创建VM已经介绍完毕，接下来会依次介绍VM其他配置。

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